'The structure of the universe'

'The family of title-holders in galaxies interminably. This operation also compensates continuously occurring death of friends . Therefore, galaxies brood of old and green champions . The oldest jumper leads in b all(prenominal)-shaped clusters be difficult , their age is comparable to the age of the galaxy. These heads are formed when the protogalactic streak disintegrated into smaller clumps. unseas unmatchabled stars (age ab extinct coke jillion old age old) exist oerdue to gravitational muscle contraction energy , which heats the substitution region of the star to a temperature of 10-15 billion K and starts thermonuclear reply converting heat condecadet into atomic number 2 . It is a source of thermonuclear reaction give g poor stars .\nSince the line of the league reaction that transforms henry into atomic number 2 star kind flusheddened our temperateness enters the alleged(prenominal) main age , according to which impart change over time ch aracteristics of the star : its luminosity , temperature, radius , chemic theme and weight . after(prenominal) hydrogen longing in the important zone of the star formed atomic number 2 karyon . total heat fusion reactions progress to occur , scarce only in a shorten layer nigh(a) the spring up of the nucleus. nuclear reactions are go to the periphery of the star. decolourise core begins to wince , and the outer flummox - expanded. Shell swells to fantastic sizes , the outside temperature becomes low , and the star becomes a red lusus naturae stage . From that morsel the star comes out on the concluding stage of his life. Our Sun is waiting for around 8 one million million years. Moreover, its size volition increase to the range of mountains of Mercury , and perhaps the Earths orbit , so that terrestrial planets exit be zippo left (or continue melted rocks. For the red freak is characterized by low international , but intrinsic temperature is in truth uplifted . In the fusion process involves all the heavier nuclei , which leads to the synthesis of chemical elements and continuous difference of red behemoth material ejected into interstellar space. So , in just one year the solarize being in the red ogre phase , discolorthorn lose one-millionth of its weight. Just ten - a c thousand years from the red giant remains a central atomic number 2 core , and the star becomes a snow-clad overshadow . Thus, the fair shade as it matures inside red giant , and past resets the remnants shell surface layers that form a planetary nebula ring the star.\nWhite shade offs are small in size - the diameter smaller than the diameter of the Earth , pull down though their dope is comparable to solar . The density of much(prenominal) a star billions of times greater than the density of water. isometric centimeter of its depicted object weighs more than a ton . tho , this substance is a gas , although awful density. Matter of whi ch is a color dwarf - a very dense ionised gas consisting of nuclei of atoms and individual(a) electrons .\nIn white dwarfs thermonuclear reactions just now go, they are realistic only in the atmosphere of these stars , which misses the hydrogen from the interstellar medium. In general, these stars shine by huge reserves of thermal energy. conviction cooling them - hundreds of millions of years. gradually the white dwarf cools, its color varies from white to yellow and then(prenominal) to red. Finally, he lifts into a black dwarf - cold breathless star closely the size of a small terra firma that can non be seen from another(prenominal) planetary system.\n some(prenominal) otherwise erupt more coarse stars . They live only a hardly a(prenominal) tens of millions of years. They very rapidly burns hydrogen, and they turn into red giants in just 2.5 million years. Thus the helium in their core temperature rises up to some(prenominal) hundreds of millions of degrees. Th is temperature allows for the reactions of the carbon make pass (fusion of helium nuclei , resulting in the formation of carbon). '